Tempeh is a typical and well-known local food in Indonesia, being a source of plant proteins formed through the fermentation process of soybean by Rhizopus sp. High β-carotene intake is related to cognitive function based on dementia screening in older adults. Pumpkin contains plenty of nutrients and is rich in phenolics, flavonoids, vitamins ( β-carotene, vitamin A, vitamin C, and α-tocopherol), amino acids, and carbohydrates. In addition, pumpkin is a vegetable that is easy to grow, so it is inexpensive. Pumpkin ( Cucurbita moschata) is one functional vegetable which is also used as a fruit and has therapeutic and medicinal properties. Cream soup can be formulated from various food ingredients, including pumpkin and tempeh. Thus, cream soup is great to be developed into geriatric food.
Cream soup is a type of food that is suitable for the elderly because of its smooth texture and ease of consumption. One of the solutions to address their nutritional need is the development of supplementary food. In order to prevent malnutrition, the elderly require special treatments, especially in nutrition attainment. Vitamin A, or as one of the pro-vitamin A: α-carotene and β-carotene vitamin B12 and vitamin B6 deficiency frequently occurs in people over the age of 75 years and is related to cognitive impairment. Another study reported that 71.9% elderly had B12 deficiency in Bantul, Yogyakarta. Meanwhile the deficiency of vitamins and minerals can reach 35%. A study in Sleman, Yogyakarta, informed that there were 81.86% elderly who had protein deficiency and 74.52% elderly who had energy deficiency. Macronutrient deficiency including protein and energy deficiencies in community-dwelling elderly is estimated at approximately 2% and 16%, respectively. Malnutrition, particularly macronutrient and micronutrient deficiencies, is common among older adults. Įlderly people tend to be associated with sensorial, physical, and psychological changes and age-related diseases that may cause malnutrition. This situation indicates that the life expectancy continues to increase into 73 years old. In Indonesia, the number of elderly is about 25.64 million, accounting for 9.6% of Indonesia’s population. Around the world, 1.5 billion people are predicted to be elderly in 2050. Nowadays, the proportion of elderly is increasing rapidly, especially in the developed countries. In one portion size (50 g), instant cream soup with 75% tempeh met 10% or more of the Indonesian recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for the elderly in terms of protein, carbohydrates, fat, energy, dietary fibre, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, and vitamin A, so it can be recommended as a complementary food for the elderly. Based on this analysis, the instant cream soup with 75% tempeh is the best formula. This also affects the nutritional value, in which fresh products had higher nutritional value than the instant product, and products with tempeh had higher ash, protein, dietary fibre, and vitamin B12 than products without tempeh.
The result of sensory evaluation showed that the processing method and tempeh addition had a significant effect ( ) on the product acceptance.
Physical characterization revealed that the product had a pH of 5.4–5.7, a viscosity of 1250–2190 cP, a rehydration ratio of 5.51–6.47 g mL -1, and a yield of 19.44%–26.9%. Sensory evaluation (rating and ranking test), physical characteristics (pH, yield, rehydration, and viscosity), nutritional analysis (proximate, crude fibre, dietary fibre, vitamins B6 and B12, and β-carotene content), and acceptance analysis of cream soup fresh and instant were examined. This study used a factorial randomized design, containing processing methods (fresh and instant) and the addition of tempeh (0%, 75%, and 100%). The development of geriatric foods such as cream soup made from pumpkin and tempeh is considered to be the solution to prevent this situation. However, this is also a new challenge since the elderly tends to have age-related diseases, thus the physical, psychological, and sensory disorders that will affect their nutritional status. An increase in the number of elderly people indicates a higher life expectancy.
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